Ppt hiponatremia powerpoint presentation free to view. The detection, diagnostic evaluation, prevention, and treatment. Afps chief objective is to provide highquality continuing medical education for. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. It can be induced by a marked increase in water intake primary polydipsia andor by impaired water excretion due, for example, to advanced renal failure or persistent release of antidiuretic hormone adh. New guidelines on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of true hypotonic hyponatremia have been published online in the european journal of.
Dec 06, 2018 hypernatremia is a common electrolyte problem that is defined as a rise in serum sodium concentration to a value exceeding 145 mmoll. Definisi hiponatremia berdasarkan derajat berat nilai biokimiawi 6 2. This study aimed to identify the incidence of hyponatraemia in cases of cap, to find predictive tools in order to classify the severity and outcome of cap and to explore possible. Hipernatremia adalah peningkatan konsentrasi natrium hampir selalu disebabkan oleh deplesi air dan hilangnya cairan ekstraseluler dapat juga disebabkan oleh asupan natrium berlebihan yang jarang terjadi. Pdf evaluation and management of hyponatraemia in children. Hyponatremia occurs when blood sodium concentration falls to an abnormally. Pediatric infectious disease journal 1995 14 495 503. Hyponatremia is defined as a decrease in the serum sodium concentration to a level below 6 mmol per liter. Nelson textbook of pediatrics 19th edition robert m.
Patients with predominantly mildmoderate severity of. Jun 17, 2019 hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 5 meql and is considered severe when the serum level is below 125 meql. Proper interpretation of the various laboratory tests helps to differentiate the various types of hyponatremia. Whereas hypernatremia always denotes hypertonicity, hyponatremia can be associated with low, normal, or high tonicity. Normal saline forms the mainstay of treatment for hypovolemic hyponatremia while 3% nacl and fluid restriction are important for euvolemic hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is an important and common clinical problem.
Severe hypernatremia has variously been defined as a serum sodium concentration of 152 meql, 155 meql, or 160 meql. Comorbid conditions were present in 86% of individuals. Hyponatremia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hyponatremia in pediatric communityacquired pneumonia. It covers the differentiation of hypotonic hyponatraemia from nonhypotonic hyponatraemia but does not deal with the specific diagnostic and therapeutic peculiarities in the setting of pseudohyponatraemia, isotonic or hypertonic hyponatraemia. Epidemiology the true incidence of pediatric hyponatremia is. Hyponatremia is known to be one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities and can cause seizures, brain edema, encephalopathy, and even death 4,5. Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma. Hyponatremia is a low sodium concentration in the blood. Overview of the treatment of hyponatremia in adults uptodate. Many medical illnesses, such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, renal failure, or pneumonia, may be associated with hyponatremia.
The guideline specifically covers diagnosis and management of true hypotonic hyponatraemia. Under normal conditions sodium is the main determinant of plasma osmolality, and its homeostasis depends primarily on water balance. Kliegman, md professor and chair department of pediatrics medical college of wisconsin pediatricianinchief pamela and leslie muma chair in pediatrics childrens hospital of wisconsin executive vice president childrens research institute milwaukee, wisconsin bonita f. Hyponatremia is defined as serum sodium na concentration of less than 5 meql. Pediatric hyponatremia differential diagnoses emedicine.
Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, and poor balance. Aug 30, 2010 hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte imbalance seen in clinical practice, and a common laboratory finding in children with communityacquired pneumonia cap. May 19, 2016 hyponatremia is known to be one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities and can cause seizures, brain edema, encephalopathy, and even death 4,5. Adrogue and others published hypernatremia find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Whereas hypernatremia always denotes hypertonicity, hyponatremia can be associated with low, normal, or high tonici. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide. Whereas hypernatremia always denotes hypertonicity, hyponatremia can be associated with. Jul 03, 2015 hiponatremia manifestaciones clinicas y diagnostico parte 4 duration.
Pediatric infectious disease journal 1995 14 495503. Statistical analysis in patients over 70 years carreroaguirre m. Hyponatremia in children with systemic inflammatory response. Prognostic significance of hyponatremia in acute intracerebr. New european guidelines address hyponatremia management. Hypernatremia symptoms, diagnosis and treatment bmj. Treatment of hyponatremic encephalopathy with a 3% sodium.
Sodium homeostasis is of importance in the pediatric population. Hypernatremia symptoms, diagnosis and treatment bmj best. Hyponatremia may be euvolemic, hypovolemic or hypervolemic. Studies focusing on serum sodium disorders in children with communityacquiredpneumonia cap are nearly entirely lacking, though clinical experience suggests that at least hyponatremia hn might be rather common. Mengkonfirmasi hiponatremia hipotonik dan menyingkirkan hiponatremia non hipotonik 7. January 01, 2000, 105 1 american academy of pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site.
The serum sodium concentration and thus serum osmolality are closely controlled by water homeostasis, which is mediated by thirst, arginine vasopressin, and the kidneys. December 01, 2000, 106 6 american academy of pediatrics. Data sources include ibm watson micromedex updated 4 may 2020, cerner multum updated 4 may 2020. Treatment varies with the nature of onset acute or chronic, severity and symptoms. Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte imbalance seen in clinical practice, and a common laboratory finding in children with communityacquired pneumonia cap. Hyponatremia has been reported to be poor clinical outcome such as mortality in general population, dialyzed patients and those with heart failure, cirrhosis and sepsis 6,7,8. Hyponatremia represents a relative excess of water in relation to sodium. May 08, 2018 no segundo video sobre hiponatremia, vamos ver o quadro clinico e o tratamento deste disturbio do sodio. Alterations in plasma osmolality are related to changes in cell volume, which are the pathophysiological substrate of. Hiponatremia disebabkan oleh kelebihan cairan maupun deplesi natrium.
Fever increases insensible water losses by 10% per degree celsius above 38, or 100150 ccday increase per degree celsius above 37. Missed opportunities for preventing tuberculosis among children younger than five years of age. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Yponatremia is defined as a decrease in the serum sodium concentration to a level below 6 mmol per liter. Hiponatremia en pediatria sodio especialidades medicas. There were 71 episodes of hyponatremic encephalopathy in 64 individuals. Definisi hiponatremia berdasarkan waktu terjadinya 6 2. Hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of 145 meql normal serum sodium concentration is in the range of 5145 meql. Pediatric critical care protocol for the use of hypertonic saline. Alterations in plasma osmolality are related to changes in cell volume, which are the pathophysiological substrate of serious diseases. It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 5 mmoll 5 meql, with severe hyponatremia being below 120 meql. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Deplesi natrium mungkin terjadi akibat asupan yang tidak adekuat atau kehilangan yang berlebihan. New guidelines on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of true hypotonic hyponatremia have been published online in the european journal of endocrinology.
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